Barthes described texts as 'open' or 'closed.' Some of the techniques used to invite or persuade the consumer/reader/viewer in the direction of what he called the preferred meaning are use of anchorage in conjunction with images- so the text/strap line or writing accompanying an image or sequence of images will give you a more overt message about the narrative meaning.
Barthes also decided that the threads that you pull on to try and unravel meaning are called narrative codes and that they could be categorised in the following five ways;
-Action/proiarectic code and enigma code (ie Answers and questions)
-Symbols and signs
-Points of cultural reference
-Simple description/reproduction
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